//! The compute-job API: upload buffers, dispatch a WGSL kernel, read back.
 //!
 //! The renderer already had everything a compute job needs — naga compiles
 //! WGSL to SPIR-V at runtime, the path tracer builds compute pipelines over
 //! storage buffers, and `RtOffscreen` runs a headless device with no window
 //! — but all of it was internal to the RT pass and read back only an image.
 //! This module is that machinery with a general face: a [`ComputeDevice`]
 //! owns a headless [`VkCore`], and [`ComputeDevice::run`] takes a
 //! [`Kernel`] and a list of [`Binding`]s, uploads them, dispatches, waits,
 //! and copies every read-write binding back into the caller's slice.
 //!
 //! Designed for cce-designer's Phase 7 step 4 (see its `shapeshifter.md`):
 //! the per-point solver operators — relax, diffuse, collide — written once
 //! in WGSL over the columnar attribute arrays a `Detail` already keeps, with
 //! the CPU evaluator as the reference each is held to. The shape of the API
 //! follows from that use: the caller has arrays in memory and wants them
 //! transformed, so buffers are HOST-VISIBLE and mapped, upload and readback
 //! are memcpys through the mapping, and there is no staging copy. On an
 //! integrated GPU that is the fastest path there is; on a discrete one it is
 //! correct and simple, and a device-local tier can be added behind the same
 //! API if a workload ever asks for it.
 //!
 //! Every failure is an `Err(String)`, never a panic, because a kernel may be
 //! user-authored: a WGSL error comes back with naga's own diagnostic, a
 //! missing entry point names what the module does offer, and a device
 //! without Vulkan reports as such from [`ComputeDevice::new`].
 //!
 //! Not `Send`: it owns a device and a command buffer. Make one per thread
 //! that computes, and keep it — pipelines cache by source and entry point,
 //! and buffers are reused across runs when they fit.
 
 use super::core::VkCore;
 use super::renderer::{create_cpu_buffer, destroy_cpu_buffer, AllocatedBuffer};
 use ash::vk;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ffi::CString;
 
 pub use crate::compute::{workgroups, BindKind, Binding, Kernel, MAX_BINDINGS};
 use crate::compute::{check_job, padded_len, parse_kernel, result_slot, slot_for};
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 struct PipelineKey {
     kernel: Kernel,
     kinds: Vec<BindKind>,
 }
 
 struct Pipeline {
     set_layout: vk::DescriptorSetLayout,
     layout: vk::PipelineLayout,
     module: vk::ShaderModule,
     pipeline: vk::Pipeline,
     workgroup_size: [u32; 3],
 }
 
 /// A headless device that runs compute jobs. See the module docs.
 pub struct ComputeDevice {
     pipelines: HashMap<PipelineKey, Pipeline>,
     /// One buffer per binding index, grown when a job needs more room.
     slots: Vec<AllocatedBuffer>,
     descriptor_pool: vk::DescriptorPool,
     cmd: vk::CommandBuffer,
     fence: vk::Fence,
     /// Declared last: everything above is destroyed before the device.
     core: VkCore,
 }
 
 impl ComputeDevice {
     /// A device on the machine's preferred GPU (`CCE_VK_DEVICE` steers it,
     /// as for every renderer). `Err` when there is no usable Vulkan at all.
     pub fn new() -> Result<Self, String> {
         // VkCore reports an absent driver by panicking, as a renderer with no
         // window to draw into has nothing better to do; a compute consumer
         // has a CPU path to fall back to, so the panic is caught here.
         let core = std::panic::catch_unwind(VkCore::new_headless).map_err(|e| {
             let msg = e
                 .downcast_ref::<String>()
                 .cloned()
                 .or_else(|| e.downcast_ref::<&str>().map(|s| s.to_string()))
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| "unknown".to_string());
             format!("no Vulkan compute device: {msg}")
         })?;
         let device = core.device.clone();
         unsafe {
             let cmd = device
                 .allocate_command_buffers(
                     &vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::default()
                         .command_pool(core.command_pool)
                         .level(vk::CommandBufferLevel::PRIMARY)
                         .command_buffer_count(1),
                 )
                 .map_err(|e| format!("command buffer: {e}"))?[0];
             let fence = device
                 .create_fence(&vk::FenceCreateInfo::default(), None)
                 .map_err(|e| format!("fence: {e}"))?;
             let pool_sizes = [
                 vk::DescriptorPoolSize::default()
                     .ty(vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER)
                     .descriptor_count(2 * MAX_BINDINGS as u32),
                 vk::DescriptorPoolSize::default()
                     .ty(vk::DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER)
                     .descriptor_count(2 * MAX_BINDINGS as u32),
             ];
             let descriptor_pool = device
                 .create_descriptor_pool(
                     &vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo::default().max_sets(2).pool_sizes(&pool_sizes),
                     None,
                 )
                 .map_err(|e| format!("descriptor pool: {e}"))?;
             Ok(ComputeDevice {
                 pipelines: HashMap::new(),
                 slots: Vec::new(),
                 descriptor_pool,
                 cmd,
                 fence,
                 core,
             })
         }
     }
 
     /// The physical device's name, for a log line or a status readout.
     pub fn device_name(&self) -> String {
         unsafe {
             let props = self.core.instance.get_physical_device_properties(self.core.physical_device);
             std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(props.device_name.as_ptr()).to_string_lossy().into_owned()
         }
     }
 
     /// The entry point's `@workgroup_size`, compiling the kernel if needed.
     pub fn workgroup_size(&mut self, kernel: &Kernel, kinds: &[BindKind]) -> Result<[u32; 3], String> {
         let key = PipelineKey { kernel: kernel.clone(), kinds: kinds.to_vec() };
         Ok(self.pipeline(&key)?.workgroup_size)
     }
 
     /// Run the kernel over `items` invocations along x — the common case, a
     /// job that is one invocation per element — computing the workgroup
     /// count from the entry point's own `@workgroup_size`. A kernel should
     /// still guard `id.x < arrayLength(...)`: the last group is padded.
     pub fn run_over(&mut self, kernel: &Kernel, bindings: &mut [Binding<'_>], items: u32) -> Result<(), String> {
         let kinds: Vec<BindKind> = bindings.iter().map(Binding::kind).collect();
         let wg = self.workgroup_size(kernel, &kinds)?;
         self.run(kernel, bindings, [workgroups(items, wg[0]), 1, 1])
     }
 
     /// Upload every binding, dispatch `groups` workgroups of the kernel, wait
     /// for the GPU, and read every [`Binding::Storage`] back into its slice.
     pub fn run(&mut self, kernel: &Kernel, bindings: &mut [Binding<'_>], groups: [u32; 3]) -> Result<(), String> {
         self.execute(kernel, bindings, groups, 1, None)
     }
 
     /// [`run_passes`](Self::run_passes) with the dispatch sized from the entry
     /// point's `@workgroup_size` over `items`, like [`run_over`](Self::run_over).
     pub fn run_passes_over(
         &mut self,
         kernel: &Kernel,
         bindings: &mut [Binding<'_>],
         items: u32,
         passes: u32,
         ping_pong: Option<(usize, usize)>,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
         let kinds: Vec<BindKind> = bindings.iter().map(Binding::kind).collect();
         let wg = self.workgroup_size(kernel, &kinds)?;
         self.execute(kernel, bindings, [workgroups(items, wg[0]), 1, 1], passes, ping_pong)
     }
 
     /// `passes` dispatches of the kernel in ONE submission — uploaded once,
     /// a memory barrier between passes, waited on once, read back once —
     /// which is what an iterative solve needs: measured on an integrated
     /// GPU, a pass submitted on its own costs about half a millisecond of
     /// round trip whatever its size, and sixteen of those lose to the CPU
     /// at every mesh size a designer works at.
     ///
     /// `ping_pong = Some((a, b))` makes passes alternate the roles of two
     /// bindings: `a` must be a [`Binding::Input`] (the first pass reads it)
     /// and `b` a [`Binding::Storage`] of the same length (the first pass
     /// writes it); the second pass reads `b` and writes `a`'s buffer, and so
     /// on. Whichever buffer the LAST pass wrote is read back into `b`'s
     /// slice, so the caller always finds the result where it bound the
     /// output. A Jacobi solve is exactly this shape.
     pub fn run_passes(
         &mut self,
         kernel: &Kernel,
         bindings: &mut [Binding<'_>],
         groups: [u32; 3],
         passes: u32,
         ping_pong: Option<(usize, usize)>,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
         self.execute(kernel, bindings, groups, passes, ping_pong)
     }
 
     fn execute(
         &mut self,
         kernel: &Kernel,
         bindings: &mut [Binding<'_>],
         groups: [u32; 3],
         passes: u32,
         ping_pong: Option<(usize, usize)>,
     ) -> Result<(), String> {
         check_job(bindings, groups, passes, ping_pong)?;
         let kinds: Vec<BindKind> = bindings.iter().map(Binding::kind).collect();
         let key = PipelineKey { kernel: kernel.clone(), kinds };
         let (pipeline, layout, set_layout) = {
             let p = self.pipeline(&key)?;
             (p.pipeline, p.layout, p.set_layout)
         };
 
         // Buffers: one per binding index, reused when big enough. Uploads are
         // memcpys through the persistent mapping.
         let device = self.core.device.clone();
         let mut sizes = Vec::with_capacity(bindings.len());
         for (i, b) in bindings.iter().enumerate() {
             let bytes = b.bytes();
             let padded = padded_len(bytes.len());
             if b.kind() == BindKind::Uniform {
                 let cap = unsafe {
                     self.core.instance.get_physical_device_properties(self.core.physical_device).limits.max_uniform_buffer_range
                 } as usize;
                 if padded > cap {
                     return Err(format!("binding {i}: a uniform block of {} bytes exceeds the device's {cap}", bytes.len()));
                 }
             }
             if i >= self.slots.len() {
                 self.slots.push(AllocatedBuffer::null());
             }
             if (self.slots[i].size as usize) < padded {
                 let allocator = self.core.allocator.as_mut().unwrap();
                 destroy_cpu_buffer(&device, allocator, &mut self.slots[i]);
                 self.slots[i] = create_cpu_buffer(
                     &device,
                     allocator,
                     padded as vk::DeviceSize,
                     vk::BufferUsageFlags::STORAGE_BUFFER | vk::BufferUsageFlags::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
                     "compute-binding",
                 );
             }
             let mapped = self.slots[i]
                 .allocation
                 .as_mut()
                 .and_then(|a| a.mapped_slice_mut())
                 .ok_or_else(|| format!("binding {i}: buffer memory is not host-visible"))?;
             mapped[..bytes.len()].copy_from_slice(bytes);
             // The padding is defined too, so an `arrayLength` that counts it
             // reads zeros rather than whatever the last job left there.
             for b in &mut mapped[bytes.len()..padded] {
                 *b = 0;
             }
             sizes.push(padded);
         }
 
         unsafe {
             // One descriptor set per run, from a pool reset each time.
             device
                 .reset_descriptor_pool(self.descriptor_pool, vk::DescriptorPoolResetFlags::empty())
                 .map_err(|e| format!("descriptor pool reset: {e}"))?;
             // One descriptor set, or two with the ping-pong pair swapped in
             // the second, so alternate passes bind the buffers the other
             // way round without a write between dispatches.
             let set_count = if ping_pong.is_some() { 2 } else { 1 };
             let set_layouts = vec![set_layout; set_count];
             let sets = device
                 .allocate_descriptor_sets(
                     &vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo::default()
                         .descriptor_pool(self.descriptor_pool)
                         .set_layouts(&set_layouts),
                 )
                 .map_err(|e| format!("descriptor set: {e}"))?;
             let mut infos: Vec<[vk::DescriptorBufferInfo; 1]> = Vec::with_capacity(set_count * bindings.len());
             for (si, _) in sets.iter().enumerate() {
                 for i in 0..bindings.len() {
                     let slot = slot_for(i, si == 1, ping_pong);
                     infos.push([vk::DescriptorBufferInfo::default()
                         .buffer(self.slots[slot].buffer)
                         .offset(0)
                         .range(sizes[slot] as vk::DeviceSize)]);
                 }
             }
             let mut writes: Vec<vk::WriteDescriptorSet> = Vec::with_capacity(infos.len());
             for (si, set) in sets.iter().enumerate() {
                 for (i, b) in bindings.iter().enumerate() {
                     writes.push(
                         vk::WriteDescriptorSet::default()
                             .dst_set(*set)
                             .dst_binding(i as u32)
                             .descriptor_type(match b.kind() {
                                 BindKind::Storage => vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER,
                                 BindKind::Uniform => vk::DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
                             })
                             .buffer_info(&infos[si * bindings.len() + i]),
                     );
                 }
             }
             device.update_descriptor_sets(&writes, &[]);
 
             device
                 .begin_command_buffer(
                     self.cmd,
                     &vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::default().flags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlags::ONE_TIME_SUBMIT),
                 )
                 .map_err(|e| format!("begin: {e}"))?;
             device.cmd_bind_pipeline(self.cmd, vk::PipelineBindPoint::COMPUTE, pipeline);
             for pass in 0..passes {
                 let set = sets[if ping_pong.is_some() && pass % 2 == 1 { 1 } else { 0 }];
                 device.cmd_bind_descriptor_sets(self.cmd, vk::PipelineBindPoint::COMPUTE, layout, 0, &[set], &[]);
                 device.cmd_dispatch(self.cmd, groups[0], groups[1], groups[2]);
                 if pass + 1 < passes {
                     // The next pass reads what this one wrote.
                     device.cmd_pipeline_barrier(
                         self.cmd,
                         vk::PipelineStageFlags::COMPUTE_SHADER,
                         vk::PipelineStageFlags::COMPUTE_SHADER,
                         vk::DependencyFlags::empty(),
                         &[vk::MemoryBarrier::default()
                             .src_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_WRITE)
                             .dst_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_READ | vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_WRITE)],
                         &[],
                         &[],
                     );
                 }
             }
             // Shader writes become host-visible before the fence is signalled.
             device.cmd_pipeline_barrier(
                 self.cmd,
                 vk::PipelineStageFlags::COMPUTE_SHADER,
                 vk::PipelineStageFlags::HOST,
                 vk::DependencyFlags::empty(),
                 &[vk::MemoryBarrier::default()
                     .src_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_WRITE)
                     .dst_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::HOST_READ)],
                 &[],
                 &[],
             );
             device.end_command_buffer(self.cmd).map_err(|e| format!("end: {e}"))?;
 
             let cmds = [self.cmd];
             device
                 .queue_submit(self.core.queue, &[vk::SubmitInfo::default().command_buffers(&cmds)], self.fence)
                 .map_err(|e| format!("submit: {e}"))?;
             device
                 .wait_for_fences(&[self.fence], true, u64::MAX)
                 .map_err(|e| format!("fence wait: {e}"))?;
             device.reset_fences(&[self.fence]).map_err(|e| format!("fence reset: {e}"))?;
         }
 
         // Read back the read-write bindings — the ping-pong output from
         // whichever buffer the last pass wrote.
         for (i, b) in bindings.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             if let Binding::Storage(out) = b {
                 let mapped = self.slots[result_slot(i, passes, ping_pong)]
                     .allocation
                     .as_ref()
                     .and_then(|a| a.mapped_slice())
                     .ok_or_else(|| format!("binding {i}: buffer memory is not host-visible"))?;
                 out.copy_from_slice(&mapped[..out.len()]);
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn pipeline(&mut self, key: &PipelineKey) -> Result<&Pipeline, String> {
         if !self.pipelines.contains_key(key) {
             let built = self.build_pipeline(key)?;
             self.pipelines.insert(key.clone(), built);
         }
         Ok(&self.pipelines[key])
     }
 
     fn build_pipeline(&self, key: &PipelineKey) -> Result<Pipeline, String> {
         let (spirv, workgroup_size) = compile_kernel(&key.kernel)?;
         let device = &self.core.device;
         unsafe {
             let bindings: Vec<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding> = key
                 .kinds
                 .iter()
                 .enumerate()
                 .map(|(i, k)| {
                     vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::default()
                         .binding(i as u32)
                         .descriptor_type(match k {
                             BindKind::Storage => vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER,
                             BindKind::Uniform => vk::DescriptorType::UNIFORM_BUFFER,
                         })
                         .descriptor_count(1)
                         .stage_flags(vk::ShaderStageFlags::COMPUTE)
                 })
                 .collect();
             let set_layout = device
                 .create_descriptor_set_layout(&vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo::default().bindings(&bindings), None)
                 .map_err(|e| format!("descriptor set layout: {e}"))?;
             let set_layouts = [set_layout];
             let layout = match device.create_pipeline_layout(&vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo::default().set_layouts(&set_layouts), None) {
                 Ok(l) => l,
                 Err(e) => {
                     device.destroy_descriptor_set_layout(set_layout, None);
                     return Err(format!("pipeline layout: {e}"));
                 }
             };
             let module = match device.create_shader_module(&vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::default().code(&spirv), None) {
                 Ok(m) => m,
                 Err(e) => {
                     device.destroy_pipeline_layout(layout, None);
                     device.destroy_descriptor_set_layout(set_layout, None);
                     return Err(format!("shader module: {e}"));
                 }
             };
             let entry = CString::new(key.kernel.entry.as_str()).map_err(|e| format!("entry point name: {e}"))?;
             let pipeline = device.create_compute_pipelines(
                 vk::PipelineCache::null(),
                 &[vk::ComputePipelineCreateInfo::default()
                     .stage(
                         vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::default()
                             .stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::COMPUTE)
                             .module(module)
                             .name(&entry),
                     )
                     .layout(layout)],
                 None,
             );
             let pipeline = match pipeline {
                 Ok(p) => p[0],
                 Err((_, e)) => {
                     device.destroy_shader_module(module, None);
                     device.destroy_pipeline_layout(layout, None);
                     device.destroy_descriptor_set_layout(set_layout, None);
                     return Err(format!("compute pipeline: {e}"));
                 }
             };
             Ok(Pipeline { set_layout, layout, module, pipeline, workgroup_size })
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Drop for ComputeDevice {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         let device = self.core.device.clone();
         unsafe {
             let _ = device.device_wait_idle();
             for (_, p) in self.pipelines.drain() {
                 device.destroy_pipeline(p.pipeline, None);
                 device.destroy_shader_module(p.module, None);
                 device.destroy_pipeline_layout(p.layout, None);
                 device.destroy_descriptor_set_layout(p.set_layout, None);
             }
             device.destroy_descriptor_pool(self.descriptor_pool, None);
             device.destroy_fence(self.fence, None);
             // The command buffer dies with the pool in VkCore's Drop.
         }
         let allocator = self.core.allocator.as_mut().unwrap();
         for slot in &mut self.slots {
             destroy_cpu_buffer(&device, allocator, slot);
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// WGSL to SPIR-V with every failure reported, plus the entry point's
 /// workgroup size. `compile_wgsl` in the renderer panics on a bad shader,
 /// which is right for the toolkit's own; a kernel here may be a user's.
 fn compile_kernel(kernel: &Kernel) -> Result<(Vec<u32>, [u32; 3]), String> {
     let parsed = parse_kernel(kernel)?;
     let options = naga::back::spv::Options {
         lang_version: (1, 0),
         flags: naga::back::spv::WriterFlags::LABEL_VARYINGS,
         ..Default::default()
     };
     let spirv =
         naga::back::spv::write_vec(&parsed.module, &parsed.info, &options, None).map_err(|e| format!("SPIR-V: {e}"))?;
     Ok((spirv, parsed.workgroup_size))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     /// A device, or None with a note: these tests run on whatever Vulkan
     /// the machine has (lavapipe counts) and skip where there is none.
     fn device() -> Option<ComputeDevice> {
         match ComputeDevice::new() {
             Ok(d) => Some(d),
             Err(e) => {
                 println!("skipping compute test: {e}");
                 None
             }
         }
     }
 
     const DOUBLE: &str = r#"
 @group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read_write> data: array<f32>;
 @compute @workgroup_size(64)
 fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3<u32>) {
     let i = id.x;
     if (i < arrayLength(&data)) {
         data[i] = data[i] * 2.0;
     }
 }"#;
 
     #[test]
     fn a_storage_binding_round_trips_through_the_kernel() {
         let Some(mut dev) = device() else { return };
         println!("compute on {}", dev.device_name());
         // 1001 floats: not a multiple of the 16-byte padding, so the last
         // element sits beside padding and must still come back doubled.
         let mut data: Vec<f32> = (0..1001).map(|i| i as f32 * 0.5).collect();
         let kernel = Kernel::new(DOUBLE, "main");
         dev.run_over(&kernel, &mut [Binding::rw(&mut data)], 1001).unwrap();
         for (i, v) in data.iter().enumerate() {
             assert_eq!(*v, i as f32, "element {i}");
         }
         // Again, on the same device: the pipeline and the buffer are reused.
         dev.run_over(&kernel, &mut [Binding::rw(&mut data)], 1001).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(data[1000], 2000.0);
         assert_eq!(dev.pipelines.len(), 1, "one pipeline for one kernel");
         assert_eq!(dev.slots.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(dev.workgroup_size(&kernel, &[BindKind::Storage]).unwrap(), [64, 1, 1]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn inputs_and_uniforms_bind_beside_the_output() {
         let Some(mut dev) = device() else { return };
         #[repr(C)]
         #[derive(Clone, Copy, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
         struct Params {
             scale: f32,
             offset: f32,
             _pad: [f32; 2],
         }
         const AXPY: &str = r#"
 struct Params { scale: f32, offset: f32, pad: vec2<f32> }
 @group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read> a: array<vec4<f32>>;
 @group(0) @binding(1) var<uniform> params: Params;
 @group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read_write> out: array<vec4<f32>>;
 @compute @workgroup_size(32)
 fn axpy(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3<u32>) {
     let i = id.x;
     if (i < arrayLength(&out)) {
         out[i] = a[i] * params.scale + vec4<f32>(params.offset);
     }
 }"#;
         let a: Vec<[f32; 4]> = (0..300).map(|i| [i as f32; 4]).collect();
         let mut out = vec![[0.0f32; 4]; 300];
         let params = Params { scale: 3.0, offset: 1.0, _pad: [0.0; 2] };
         dev.run_over(
             &Kernel::new(AXPY, "axpy"),
             &mut [Binding::input(&a), Binding::uniform(&params), Binding::rw(&mut out)],
             300,
         )
         .unwrap();
         for (i, v) in out.iter().enumerate() {
             assert_eq!(*v, [i as f32 * 3.0 + 1.0; 4], "element {i}");
         }
         assert!(a.iter().enumerate().all(|(i, v)| *v == [i as f32; 4]), "an input is never written back");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn a_bad_kernel_is_an_error_not_a_panic() {
         let Some(mut dev) = device() else { return };
         let mut data = vec![1.0f32; 4];
         let err = dev.run_over(&Kernel::new("fn main( {", "main"), &mut [Binding::rw(&mut data)], 4).unwrap_err();
         assert!(err.starts_with("WGSL parse error"), "{err}");
         let err = dev.run_over(&Kernel::new(DOUBLE, "nope"), &mut [Binding::rw(&mut data)], 4).unwrap_err();
         assert!(err.contains("`nope`") && err.contains("main"), "names the missing entry and the offer: {err}");
         let typed = "@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read_write> d: array<f32>;\n@compute @workgroup_size(1) fn main() { d[0] = 1u; }";
         let err = dev.run_over(&Kernel::new(typed, "main"), &mut [Binding::rw(&mut data)], 1).unwrap_err();
         // naga's front end types as it parses, so a type error is a parse
         // error; what matters is that it is a WGSL diagnostic, not a panic.
         assert!(err.starts_with("WGSL") && err.contains("u32"), "{err}");
         assert_eq!(data, vec![1.0; 4], "nothing ran");
         // The device is still good after every failure.
         dev.run_over(&Kernel::new(DOUBLE, "main"), &mut [Binding::rw(&mut data)], 4).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(data, vec![2.0; 4]);
     }
 
     /// Passes chain inside one submission, and a ping-pong pair alternates
     /// so the result lands in the output slice whether the count is odd or
     /// even.
     #[test]
     fn passes_chain_and_ping_pong_lands_in_the_output() {
         let Some(mut dev) = device() else { return };
         // In place: three doublings are one octupling.
         let mut data: Vec<f32> = (0..500).map(|i| i as f32).collect();
         dev.run_passes_over(&Kernel::new(DOUBLE, "main"), &mut [Binding::rw(&mut data)], 500, 3, None).unwrap();
         assert!(data.iter().enumerate().all(|(i, v)| *v == i as f32 * 8.0));
 
         const COPY_DOUBLE: &str = r#"
 @group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read> src: array<f32>;
 @group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> dst: array<f32>;
 @compute @workgroup_size(64)
 fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3<u32>) {
     let i = id.x;
     if (i < arrayLength(&dst)) { dst[i] = src[i] * 2.0; }
 }"#;
         let src: Vec<f32> = (0..500).map(|i| i as f32).collect();
         let kernel = Kernel::new(COPY_DOUBLE, "main");
         for passes in [1u32, 2, 3, 4] {
             let mut dst = vec![0.0f32; 500];
             dev.run_passes_over(&kernel, &mut [Binding::input(&src), Binding::rw(&mut dst)], 500, passes, Some((0, 1))).unwrap();
             let factor = 2f32.powi(passes as i32);
             assert!(dst.iter().enumerate().all(|(i, v)| *v == i as f32 * factor), "{passes} passes give x{factor}");
         }
         assert!(src.iter().enumerate().all(|(i, v)| *v == i as f32), "the input slice is never written");
 
         let mut dst = vec![0.0f32; 500];
         let err = dev.run_passes_over(&kernel, &mut [Binding::input(&src), Binding::rw(&mut dst)], 500, 2, Some((1, 0))).unwrap_err();
         assert!(err.contains("must be a read-only Input"), "{err}");
         let err = dev.run_passes_over(&kernel, &mut [Binding::input(&src), Binding::rw(&mut dst)], 500, 0, None).unwrap_err();
         assert!(err.contains("at least one pass"), "{err}");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn workgroup_arithmetic() {
         assert_eq!(workgroups(0, 64), 1, "a dispatch of zero groups is invalid");
         assert_eq!(workgroups(1, 64), 1);
         assert_eq!(workgroups(64, 64), 1);
         assert_eq!(workgroups(65, 64), 2);
         assert_eq!(workgroups(1000, 0), 1000, "a zero group size is treated as one");
     }
 }